#4633 Robust AI-Generated Quantum Computing Solutions Framework
#4633 Robust AI-Generated Quantum Computing Solutions Framework
#4633 Describe a two-pass (or more) framework or process for AI-generating Quantum Computing solutions and validating them via AI
Because LLMs are notoriously prone to "hallucinations" in quantum computing—such as inventing non-unitary operations, applying gates across non-adjacent qubits, or miscalculating circuit depth—a single-prompt approach rarely yields a working quantum solution.
A multi-pass (Generator-Validator-Refiner) framework treats quantum code generation as a closed-loop engineering task rather than a single text completion.
The 3-Pass Quantum AI Generation Framework
[ Problem Input ]
│
▼
┌──────────┐ Draft Code ┌──────────┐
│ PASS 1 │ ──────────> │ PASS 2 │
│ Generator │ │ Verifier │
└──────────┘ └────┬─────┘
▲ │
│ Error Logs / Metrics │
└─────────────────────────┘ (Feedback Loop)
│
│ Passed Verification
▼
┌──────────┐
│ PASS 3 │ ──> Optimized Quantum Circuit
│ Refiner │ (Qiskit, Cirq, CUDA-Q)
└──────────┘
Pass 1: Theoretical Mapping & Draft Generation (The Generator)
Role: Translates high-level natural language requirements or classical algorithms into quantum circuit representations.
Inputs: Domain-specific problem (e.g., "Implement a VQE circuit for molecular hydrogen $H_2$" or "Build a QAOA circuit for Max-Cut on a 6-node graph").
Process:
Maps binary/classical variables into Pauli operators or Ising Hamiltonians.
Selects an appropriate ansatz (e.g., Hardware-Efficient, Unitary Coupled Cluster).
Synthesizes draft code using quantum SDKs (Qiskit, Cirq, PennyLane, or CUDA-Q).
Output: Initial candidate quantum program file (
circuit_draft.py).
Pass 2: Multi-Layer Validation & Verification (The Verifier)
Role: Acts as an automated quantum compiler and reviewer, catching syntax errors, physical impossibilities, and logic flaws before hardware execution.
Pass 2A: Static & Semantic Analysis (AI Critic)
Checks for common LLM bugs: missing measurements, incorrect wire indices, or uninitialized registers.
Ensures structural consistency (e.g., matching parameter lengths to parameterized gate counts).
Pass 2B: Formal Verification & Oracle Simulation (Classical Integration)
Unitarity & Matrix Checks: Simulates the unitaries on small qubit numbers to confirm matrix norm conditions (mathbf{U}^dagger mathbf{U} = mathbf{I}).
State Vector Simulation: Runs the draft circuit against a classical state-vector simulator (e.g., Qiskit Aer or cuQuantum) to evaluate ground-state energies or cost function outputs against known mathematical bounds.
Output: Diagnostic report containing compilation error logs, infidelity metrics, or a green light for Pass 3.
The Feedback Loop: If Pass 2 fails, the failure logs and score differences (e.g., E_{calculated} - E_{expected}) are fed back into Pass 1 with episodic memory, forcing the generator to self-correct its mistake without starting from scratch.
Pass 3: Hardware-Aware Transpilation & Optimization (The Refiner)
Role: Tailors the validated high-level circuit to run efficiently on specific, noisy quantum backends (NISQ or fault-tolerant hardware).
Process:
Topology Mapping: Maps virtual qubits onto physical coupling graphs (e.g., heavy-hex or linear chains) to minimize expensive SWAP gate insertions.
Gate Reduction: Employs AI-driven circuit synthesis to pulse-level compile adjacent single-qubit gates into single single-qubit rotations.
Noise Mitigation: Injects dynamical decoupling sequences or zero-noise extrapolation (ZNE) wrappers.
Output: Production-ready, fully transpiled executable quantum code.
Architectural Comparison of the Passes
| Pass Phase | Primary Agent | Key Responsibilities | Primary Failure Caught |
| Pass 1: Generator | LLM / Foundation Model | Domain-to-Hamiltonian mapping, Ansatz drafting | Misunderstanding problem domain |
| Pass 2: Verifier | LLM Critic + Simulator Oracle | Syntax validation, Unitary verification, Ground-state simulation | Illegal gate operations, non-unitary logic |
| Pass 3: Refiner | RL Agent / LLM Transpiler | Qubit routing, gate pulse-level optimization, noise mitigation | High gate-depth decoherence, topology mismatches |
Are you looking to implement this framework using a specific SDK (like Qiskit or CUDA-Q), or are you focusing on the multi-agent Orchestration layer (e.g., LangChain/AutoGPT)?
Provide a Python application using Ollama-supported LLMs to implement this framework
This implementation uses langchain-ollama alongside Qiskit to build a self-correcting 3-pass loop.
Pass 1 generates code, Pass 2 executes static analysis and local statevector simulation acting as a ground-truth oracle, and Pass 3 transpiles the validated circuit for noise-aware execution.
Prerequisites
Ensure you have local Ollama running and the required packages installed:
ollama pull qwen2.5-coder # Or llama3.1
pip install langchain-ollama qiskit qiskit-aer
Python Implementation
import re
import sys
from typing import Dict, Any, Tuple
from langchain_ollama import ChatOllama
from langchain_core.prompts import ChatPromptTemplate
# Qiskit Imports for Simulator Verification and Transpilation
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.providers.fake_provider import GenericBackendV2
from qiskit_aer import AerSimulator
# Initialize Ollama LLM (Qwen2.5-Coder works exceptionally well for code generation)
LLM_MODEL = "qwen2.5-coder"
llm = ChatOllama(model=LLM_MODEL, temperature=0.1)
# ==========================================
# PASS 1: GENERATOR AGENT
# ==========================================
def pass_1_generator(user_prompt: str, error_feedback: str = None) -> str:
"""Generates pure Python code using Qiskit for the specified quantum circuit."""
system_prompt = (
"You are an expert Quantum Computing AI. Write Python code using Qiskit to create "
"the requested quantum circuit. Return ONLY raw Python code enclosed inside ```python ... ``` blocks. "
"Your code must define a QuantumCircuit object named `qc`."
)
if error_feedback:
user_content = (
f"Original Request: {user_prompt}\n\n"
f"Your previous code failed validation with this error:\n{error_feedback}\n\n"
"Please rewrite the Python code to fix these issues."
)
else:
user_content = f"Request: {user_prompt}"
prompt = ChatPromptTemplate.from_messages([
("system", system_prompt),
("user", user_content)
])
response = (prompt | llm).invoke({})
return response.content
# ==========================================
# PASS 2: VALIDATOR & ORACLE SIMULATOR
# ==========================================
def extract_code(raw_response: str) -> str:
"""Utility to extract clean Python code from markdown blocks."""
match = re.search(r"```python\n(.*?)\n```", raw_response, re.DOTALL)
if match:
return match.group(1)
return raw_response.strip()
def pass_2_verifier(raw_code: str) -> Tuple[bool, Any, str]:
"""
Validates code syntax and executes it via a classical statevector simulator (Oracle).
Returns (Success_Flag, Executed_Namespace, Error_Message).
"""
clean_code = extract_code(raw_code)
# Environment sandbox
local_env = {}
# Step 2A: Static Execution Verification
try:
exec(clean_code, {}, local_env)
except Exception as e:
return False, None, f"Execution/Syntax Error: {str(e)}"
if "qc" not in local_env or not isinstance(local_env["qc"], QuantumCircuit):
return False, None, "Validation Error: Code did not define a valid Qiskit 'qc' object."
qc = local_env["qc"]
# Step 2B: Simulator Statevector/Unitary Verification
try:
# Clone circuit and add measurements for simulation test if none exist
test_qc = qc.copy()
if not test_qc.clbits:
test_qc.measure_all()
simulator = AerSimulator()
compiled_test = transpile(test_qc, simulator)
job = simulator.run(compiled_test, shots=100)
result = job.result()
counts = result.get_counts()
if not counts:
return False, None, "Simulation Error: Circuit returned empty measurement results."
except Exception as e:
return False, None, f"Simulator Validation Error: {str(e)}"
return True, local_env, "Pass 2 Verification Succeeded!"
# ==========================================
# PASS 3: HARDWARE-AWARE REFINER
# ==========================================
def pass_3_refiner(qc: QuantumCircuit, target_qubits: int = 5) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""
Transpiles and optimizes the circuit for realistic noisy quantum backends (NISQ architecture).
"""
# Create a generic simulated backend targeting NISQ topology
backend = GenericBackendV2(num_qubits=target_qubits)
# Transpile circuit for hardware constraints
transpiled_qc = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)
return {
"original_depth": qc.depth(),
"optimized_depth": transpiled_qc.depth(),
"original_gate_count": sum(qc.count_ops().values()),
"optimized_gate_count": sum(transpiled_qc.count_ops().values()),
"transpiled_circuit": transpiled_qc
}
# ==========================================
# MULTI-PASS ORCHESTRATION LOOP
# ==========================================
def run_quantum_pipeline(prompt: str, max_retries: int = 3):
print(f"\n🚀 [Starting Quantum Solution Generation] Prompt: '{prompt}'\n")
error_log = None
generated_code = ""
# Pass 1 <-> Pass 2 Feedback Loop
for attempt in range(1, max_retries + 1):
print(f"--- [PASS 1: Draft Generation - Attempt {attempt}/{max_retries}] ---")
generated_code = pass_1_generator(prompt, error_log)
print(f"--- [PASS 2: Verification & Oracle Simulation] ---")
success, env, msg = pass_2_verifier(generated_code)
if success:
print(f"✅ Pass 2 Passed: {msg}\n")
qc = env["qc"]
print(f"--- [PASS 3: Hardware Refinement & Transpilation] ---")
refinement = pass_3_refiner(qc)
print("🎉 Pipeline Completed Successfully!\n")
print("="*50)
print("GENERATED & VERIFIED CODE:")
print("="*50)
print(extract_code(generated_code))
print("="*50)
print("PASS 3 METRICS (Hardware Optimization):")
print(f"Circuit Depth: {refinement['original_depth']} -> {refinement['optimized_depth']}")
print(f"Gate Count: {refinement['original_gate_count']} -> {refinement['optimized_gate_count']}")
print("="*50)
return
else:
print(f"❌ Pass 2 Failed: {msg}")
error_log = msg
print("Feeding error back to Pass 1 for retry...\n")
print("⚠️ Pipeline failed to generate a valid solution within retry limits.")
# ==========================================
# EXECUTION
# ==========================================
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Test task: Request a 3-qubit GHZ state circuit with entanglement
user_task = "Create a 3-qubit GHZ state entanglement circuit (|000> + |111>)/sqrt(2) and measure all qubits."
run_quantum_pipeline(user_task)Rewrite this for Google Gemini API
Here is the complete implementation refactored for the Google GenAI SDK (google-genai).
It utilizes gemini-2.5-pro (or gemini-2.5-flash) for reasoning and code generation, combined with Qiskit to execute the 3-pass verification and NISQ hardware optimization loop.
Prerequisites
Set your Google AI API key:
export GOOGLE_API_KEY="your-api-key-here"Install the modern Google GenAI library and Qiskit:
pip install google-genai qiskit qiskit-aer
Python Implementation
import re
import os
import sys
from typing import Dict, Any, Tuple
# Official Google GenAI SDK
from google import genai
from google.genai import types
# Qiskit Imports for Simulator Verification and Transpilation
from qiskit import QuantumCircuit, transpile
from qiskit.providers.fake_provider import GenericBackendV2
from qiskit_aer import AerSimulator
# Initialize Gemini Client
client = genai.Client()
GEMINI_MODEL = "gemini-2.5-flash" # Use 'gemini-2.5-pro' for complex Hamiltonians/ansätze
# ==========================================
# PASS 1: GENERATOR AGENT
# ==========================================
def pass_1_generator(user_prompt: str, error_feedback: str = None) -> str:
"""Generates pure Python code using Qiskit for the specified quantum circuit via Gemini."""
system_instruction = (
"You are an expert Quantum Computing AI. Write Python code using Qiskit to create "
"the requested quantum circuit. Return ONLY raw Python code inside a single ```python ... ``` block. "
"Your code MUST define a QuantumCircuit object named `qc`."
)
if error_feedback:
content = (
f"Original Request: {user_prompt}\n\n"
f"Your previous code failed validation with this error:\n{error_feedback}\n\n"
"Please rewrite the Python code to fix these issues."
)
else:
content = f"Request: {user_prompt}"
# Configure Gemini request
config = types.GenerateContentConfig(
system_instruction=system_instruction,
temperature=0.1, # Low temperature for precise code generation
)
response = client.models.generate_content(
model=GEMINI_MODEL,
contents=content,
config=config,
)
return response.text
# ==========================================
# PASS 2: VALIDATOR & ORACLE SIMULATOR
# ==========================================
def extract_code(raw_response: str) -> str:
"""Utility to extract clean Python code from markdown blocks."""
match = re.search(r"```python\n(.*?)\n```", raw_response, re.DOTALL)
if match:
return match.group(1)
return raw_response.strip()
def pass_2_verifier(raw_code: str) -> Tuple[bool, Any, str]:
"""
Validates code syntax and executes it via a classical statevector simulator (Oracle).
Returns (Success_Flag, Executed_Namespace, Error_Message).
"""
clean_code = extract_code(raw_code)
local_env = {}
# Step 2A: Static & Syntax Verification
try:
exec(clean_code, {}, local_env)
except Exception as e:
return False, None, f"Execution/Syntax Error: {str(e)}"
if "qc" not in local_env or not isinstance(local_env["qc"], QuantumCircuit):
return False, None, "Validation Error: Code did not define a valid Qiskit 'qc' object."
qc = local_env["qc"]
# Step 2B: Statevector/Unitary Oracle Simulation
try:
test_qc = qc.copy()
# Ensure measurements exist for testing
if not test_qc.clbits:
test_qc.measure_all()
simulator = AerSimulator()
compiled_test = transpile(test_qc, simulator)
job = simulator.run(compiled_test, shots=100)
result = job.result()
counts = result.get_counts()
if not counts:
return False, None, "Simulation Error: Circuit returned empty measurement results."
except Exception as e:
return False, None, f"Simulator Validation Error: {str(e)}"
return True, local_env, "Pass 2 Verification Succeeded!"
# ==========================================
# PASS 3: HARDWARE-AWARE REFINER
# ==========================================
def pass_3_refiner(qc: QuantumCircuit, target_qubits: int = 5) -> Dict[str, Any]:
"""
Transpiles and optimizes the circuit for realistic NISQ quantum hardware backends.
"""
backend = GenericBackendV2(num_qubits=target_qubits)
# Run Qiskit optimization algorithms
transpiled_qc = transpile(qc, backend=backend, optimization_level=3)
return {
"original_depth": qc.depth(),
"optimized_depth": transpiled_qc.depth(),
"original_gate_count": sum(qc.count_ops().values()),
"optimized_gate_count": sum(transpiled_qc.count_ops().values()),
"transpiled_circuit": transpiled_qc
}
# ==========================================
# MULTI-PASS ORCHESTRATION LOOP
# ==========================================
def run_quantum_pipeline(prompt: str, max_retries: int = 3):
print(f"\n🚀 [Starting Quantum Solution Generation] Prompt: '{prompt}'\n")
error_log = None
for attempt in range(1, max_retries + 1):
print(f"--- [PASS 1: Gemini Draft Generation - Attempt {attempt}/{max_retries}] ---")
generated_code = pass_1_generator(prompt, error_log)
print(f"--- [PASS 2: Verification & Oracle Simulation] ---")
success, env, msg = pass_2_verifier(generated_code)
if success:
print(f"✅ Pass 2 Passed: {msg}\n")
qc = env["qc"]
print(f"--- [PASS 3: Hardware Refinement & Transpilation] ---")
refinement = pass_3_refiner(qc)
print("🎉 Pipeline Completed Successfully!\n")
print("=" * 50)
print("VERIFIED QUANTUM CODE:")
print("=" * 50)
print(extract_code(generated_code))
print("=" * 50)
print("PASS 3 METRICS (Hardware Optimization):")
print(f"Circuit Depth: {refinement['original_depth']} -> {refinement['optimized_depth']}")
print(f"Gate Count: {refinement['original_gate_count']} -> {refinement['optimized_gate_count']}")
print("=" * 50)
return
else:
print(f"❌ Pass 2 Failed: {msg}")
error_log = msg
print("Feeding error log back to Gemini for self-correction...\n")
print("⚠️ Pipeline failed to generate a valid solution within retry limits.")
# ==========================================
# EXECUTION
# ==========================================
if __name__ == "__main__":
# Example task
user_task = "Create a 3-qubit GHZ state entanglement circuit (|000> + |111>)/sqrt(2) and measure all qubits."
run_quantum_pipeline(user_task)From <> Google Gemini (3.6 Flash)
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